The extent of armaments co-operation between the Federal Republic of Germany or the German Reich and Türkiye or the Ottoman Empire is probably unparalleled among the countries of Europe, both in terms of the quantity and cost as well as the variety and quality of the weapons supplied. The consequences of the wars waged with the armaments are also probably unrivalled – some of which were waged in violation of international law and even contributed to genocide. The German governments in the German Empire and the Federal Republic were aware of this and nevertheless authorised the billion-euro exports with their eyes open. An end to this dubious brotherhood in arms – NATO membership or not – is not in sight.

Case 09, written by Wolfgang Landgraeber, explores the German-Turkish brotherhood in arms from 1890 to the present day